Today we have four articles that we wanted to share with you enjoyed. 1. Development of a new strategy in Colombia to control the invasive beetle Coffee Berry Borer 2. Another article discussing the issue of Phytopthera in apples in Xinjiang Province (I posted a similar article a few months ago about this subject) 3. A study looking at invasion pathways and the coconut hispid Brontispa longissimi 4. A report of Diaporthes fungus attacking Podocarpus macrophyllus in China
今天，我们与您分享四篇文章。 1.哥伦比亚控制入侵的咖啡果小蠹的新策略；2.新疆省苹果中的疫霉菌（几个月前我推荐过一篇类似文章，内容涉及该主题）；3.一项有关椰心叶甲入侵途径的研究；4.入侵中国的间座壳属真菌侵害罗汉松的报告。
Push-Pull Strategy for Handling the Coffee Berry Borer
推拉策略处理咖啡果小蠹
Castro A.M, Benavides. Gongora C.E – Trends in Entomology
Push-pull strategies for controlling pests have been developed for use in several different agroecosystems. The push-pull strategy involves the use of both repellent plants within crops to ward off pests and attraction plants at the edge of crops. Studies have demonstrated the repellent action of both Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae) and Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) against the coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and the attraction of Emilia sonchifolia L. (Asteraceae) for CBB. To manipulate the distribution and abundance of CBB, a push-pull strategy was applied to coffee plantations, and the field performance of this strategy was examined. The results showed that the push-pull strategy was effective because the action of the repellent plants combined with the effects of the alcohol traps reduced the CBB infestation to 5.2%. This is the first time a push-pull system in coffee crops has been evaluated worldwide. The results indicate that the push-pull strategy for use in the agroecological management of CBB is promising
推拉策略已被应用于几种不同的农业生态系统来控制害虫。推拉策略包括在作物内部种植驱虫植物来抵御害虫以及作物周边设置引诱性植物。研究表明，红花烟草（茄科）和马樱丹（马鞭草科）都对咖啡果小蠹具有驱避作用，而一点Emilia sonchifolia（菊科）对其具有吸引作用。为了控制咖啡果小蠹的分布和丰度，将推拉策略应用于咖啡种植园，并研究了该策略的田间性能。结果表明，推拉策略是有效的，因为驱虫植物的作用与酒精陷阱的作用相结合，将咖啡果小蠹的侵染率降低到5.2％。这是世界范围内首次评估咖啡作物中的推拉策略。结果表明，在咖啡果小蠹的农业生态管理中使用推拉策略是有应用前景的。
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8104/fb50067446d5ae2985799761e7310b42481a.pdf
Phytophthora Species from Xinjiang Wild Apple Forests in China
中国新疆野生苹果林中的疫霉属真菌
Xiaoxue Xu, Wenxia Huai, Hamiti, Xuechao Zhang, Wenxia Zhao – Forests
Phytophthora species are well-known destructive forest pathogens, especially in natural ecosystems. The wild apple (Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) Roem.) is the primary ancestor of M. domestica (Borkh.) and important germplasm resource for apple breeding and improvement. During the period from 2016 to 2018, a survey of Phytophthora diversity was performed at four wild apple forest on the northern slopes of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, China. Phytophthora species were isolated from baiting leaves from the stream, canopy drip, and soil samples and were identified based on morphological observations and the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. This is the first comprehensive study from Xinjiang to examine the Phytophthora communities in wild apple forests. The 621 resulting Phytophthora isolates were found to reside in 10 different Phytophthora species: eight known species and two previously unrecognized species. In the present paper, the possible reasons for their distribution, associated implications, and associated diseases are discussed.
疫霉属是众所周知的尤其是在自然生态系统中破坏森林健康的病原真菌。野生苹果是苹果的主要祖先和育种、改良的重要种质资源。在2016-2018年期间，对中国新疆天山北坡的四个野生苹果森林进行了疫霉菌多样性调查。从溪流、冠层滴水和土壤样品的诱叶中分离出疫霉属真菌，并根据形态学观察和rDNA内部转录间隔区（ITS）序列分析进行了鉴定。这是来自新疆的对野生苹果森林中的疫霉菌群落的首个综合研究。结果包含了10个不同的疫霉菌种共621个菌株：8个已知的疫霉菌种和2个未知菌种。本文中讨论了其分布、分类地位和病害介绍。
https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/10/927/pdf
Inter-country trade, genetic diversity and bio-ecological parameters upgrade pest risk maps for the coconut hispid Brontispa longissimi
跨国贸易、遗传多样性和生物生态学参数完善了椰心叶甲的有害生物风险图谱
Baoqian Lu, Zhengqiang Peng, Hui Lu, Fan Yang, Peiqun Lin, Xiaoqiang Chu, Xing He, Jihong Tang – Pest Management Science
This study quantitatively assesses the (multivariate) drivers of historic invasions of the coconut hispid Brontispalongissima (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) across the Asia-Pacific region and critically assess its invasion potential for other key coconut-growing regions. Genetic variation of B. longissima in its invaded range indicated multiple incursions, likely associated with (short-range) natural dispersal and (long-range) trade in ornamental palms. The high fecundity and prolonged, yet adaptable, oviposition period of B. longissima further enhance the invasiveness of this species and aid its successful establishment. Coconut-growing areas are identified with high climatic suitability for B. longissima, and where strengthened biosecurity protocols can prevent future invasions. A combined assessment of inter-country trade patterns, population genetics and species bio-ecology (e.g., climate-related development) illuminates dispersal pathways of invasive species, assesses invasibility of particular geographies, guides quarantine interventions and thus can effectively avert future invasions
该研究定量且严格地评估了环亚太地区多因素驱动下椰心叶甲的历史入侵及对其他主要椰子种植区的入侵潜力。 在入侵范围内椰心叶甲的遗传变异表明多次入侵，可能与观赏棕榈的自然扩散（短程）和贸易（长程）有关。椰心叶甲的高繁殖力、强适应性的产卵期进一步增强了该物种的入侵性并有助于其成功定殖。椰子种植区对椰心叶甲具有高度的气候适应性，加强生物安全规程可以预防未来的入侵。对国家间贸易模式、人口遗传学和物种生物生态学（例如与气候有关的发展）的综合评估，阐明了入侵物种的扩散途径，评估了特定地理区域的入侵性，指导了检疫干预措施，从而可以有效地避免未来的入侵。
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ps.5663
First Report of Diaporthe eres Causing Leaf Blight of Buddhist Pine (Podocarpus macrophyllus) in China
Diaporthe eres在中国引起罗汉松叶枯病的的首次报道
Xiang-rong Zheng, Maojiao Zhang, Xulan Shang, Shengzuo Fang, Fengmao Chen– Plant Disease
In April 2019, a severe foliar blight with over 55% disease incidence was observed on tree-sized Buddhist pine cultivated on a landscaped road at the Jiangsu Academy of Forestry located south of the town of Dongshanqiao, Nanjing, China. Typical symptoms were lesions with a dark-brown color, which later became brown, on the upper part of the leaves Pure cultures were obtained by single-spore culture. Eleven isolates were obtained, and the colonies had a flat, whitish, fluffy aerial mycelium. After 30 days of incubation, the pycnidia that formed on PDA secreted a yellow liquid, which produced two types of single-cell conidia. The morphological features of these isolates agreed with those of Diaporthe sp (Udayanga et al. 2014). For confirmation, total DNA was extracted from three monoconidial isolates. For further confirmation, a phylogenetic analysis was performed as described by Zhu (2019) and the isolates were identified as D. eres. Ten healthy one-year-old Buddhist pine seedlings were used for pathogenicity testing. Before inoculation, one wound was made on a leaf using a sterilized needle. The experiment was repeated three times with similar results. Re-isolation was conducted from inoculated seedlings as described above, and isolates were reconfirmed as D. eres based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis, thus fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of D. eres causing leaf blight of Buddhist pine in China. Leaf blight caused by D. eres on Buddhist pine greatly affects its value. This study provides important information for establishing effective disease management practices.
2019年4月，在中国南京东善桥镇以南的江苏省林业科学院的路上种植的罗汉松上观察到严重的叶枯病，发病率超过55％。典型症状：叶片上部的病斑由深棕色变为棕色。通过单孢分离法获得纯培养物，共计11个分离株，菌落平坦，气生菌丝蓬松发白。PDA培养30天后形成的分生孢子器分泌出黄色液体，产生了两种类型的分生孢子，这些分离株与间座壳属真菌的形态特征一致。为了进一步确认，从3个单孢分离物中提取了DNA，进行系统发育分析，将分离物鉴定为Diaporthe eres。使用10十株健壮的1龄罗汉松树苗做致病性测试，接种前用消毒针在叶子上创伤一个小口，3次重复，实验结果相似。如上所述，从接种的幼苗中进行了病原物重新分离，并根据形态特征和系统发育分析将分离物重新确定为Diaporthe eres，从而满足了柯赫氏法则。据悉这是Diaporthe eres在中国引起罗汉松叶枯病的首次报道。 Diaporthe eres对罗汉松造成的叶枯病极大地影响其价值。该项研究为建立有效的病害管理提供了重要信息。
https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/10.1094/PDIS-08-19-1756-PDN
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