This week we have four articles that we would like to recommend to you. They are: 1. A review of the current uses of entomopathogenic fungi for invasive forest pests. The paper has a global focus but the lessons of this paper can also be applied to Asian forests. This article is from a special edition called “Ecology and Management of Forest Insects in a Changing World” appearing in the journal “Insects”. 2. Lasiodiplodia sp. causing stem canker in Chinese Hackberry. 3. A paper with a North American focus but the results can be shared globally. The research looks at traits associated with invasive insects in conifer forests. 4. The last article looks at Diaporthales fungal order which includes many common plant pathogens and reports on tree dieback in Mount Dongling in Beijing, China.
本周我们有四篇文章想推荐给你。1.昆虫病原真菌在防控入侵性森林害虫中的应用研究进展。该篇综述针对全球森林，于亚洲森林同样具有参考价值。2. Lasiodiplodia真菌引起中国朴树溃疡的报道。3. 以北美地区针叶林中入侵昆虫为重点研究研究植食昆虫特性的。4. 与北京东灵山树木枯萎和溃疡病症状相关的间座壳目真菌。
Microbial Control of Invasive Forest Pests with Entomopathogenic Fungi: A Review of the Current Situation
昆虫病原真菌在防控入侵性森林害虫中的应用研究进展
Dara S.K., Montalva C., Barta M. – Insects
The health of the forestlands of the world is impacted by a number of insect pests and some of them cause significant damage with serious economic and environmental implications. Whether it is damage of the North American cypress aphid in South America and Africa, or the destruction of maple trees in North America by the Asian long horned beetle, invasive forest pests are a major problem in many parts of the world. Several studies explored microbial control opportunities of invasive forest pests with entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and some are successfully utilized as a part of integrated forest pest management programs around the world. This manuscript discusses some invasive pests and the status of their microbial control around the world with entomopathogenic fungi.
大量的害虫威胁着全世界的林地健康，其中不乏一些种类对经济和环境都造成了严重影响。无论是危害南美和非洲的北美柏树蚜虫，还是破坏北美枫树的光肩星天牛，入侵性害虫都是世界森林的主要问题。多项研究探索了昆虫病原细菌、真菌和病毒等微生物对入侵性森林害虫的防控机制，其中一些已成功应用于全球森林害虫的综合治理。本文探讨了一些入侵性害虫及昆虫病原真菌在全球森林中对其防控的现状。
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/10/10/341/pdf
Special Edition link https://www.mdpi.com/journal/insects/special_issues/ecology_mangement_forest_insects
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae causes stem canker of Chinese hackberry in China
Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae引起的中国朴树茎干溃疡
Lu Liang, Huan Li, Lifeng Zhou, Fengmao Chen – Journal of Forestry Research
Chinese hackberry (Celtis sinensis Pers.) is an adaptable species widely growing in southern China. The symptoms of canker on stems of seedlings were discovered mid-July 2017 in Shuyang, Jiangsu Province. The diseased portions of the stems were dark brown due to discoloured xylem. Some seedlings showed symptoms of wilting, leaf fall, twig dieback, and tissue discolouration. The outbreak period was concentrated in July and August, suggesting that the disease spread during summer months. Possible fungal causal agents were isolated from naturally infected canker tissue and discoloured xylem. This is the first report of L. pseudotheobromae causing canker on Chinese hackberry stems in China.
朴树适应性强，在中国南方被广泛种植。2017年7月中旬在江苏省沭阳市发现了苗茎上的溃疡病症状。由于木质部变色，茎干患病部分呈深棕色。一些幼苗呈现出萎蔫、叶落、枝枯及组织变色的症状。该病在夏季传播，暴发集中在七八月份。从自然感病的溃疡组织和变色木质部中分离出致病真菌。这是假可可毛色二孢在中国朴树茎上引起溃疡的首次报道。
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11676-019-01049-x
Evolutionary history predicts high‐impact invasions by herbivorous insects
进化史预测植食性昆虫会产生高影响力的入侵
Mech A., Thomas K., Marsico T., Herms D., Allen C., Ayres M., Gandhi K., Gurevitch J., Havill N., Hufbauer R., Liebhold A., Raffa K., Schulz A., Uden D., Tobin. – Ecology and Evolution
1.A long‐standing goal of invasion biology is to identify factors driving highly variable impacts of non‐native species. Although hypotheses exist that emphasize the role of evolutionary history (e.g., enemy release hypothesis & defense‐free space hypothesis), predicting the impact of non‐native herbivorous insects has eluded scientists for over a century. 2.Using a census of all 58 non‐native conifer‐specialist insects in North America, we quantified the contribution of over 25 factors that could affect the impact they have on their novel hosts, including insect traits (fecundity, voltinism, native range, etc.), host traits (shade tolerance, growth rate, wood density, etc.), and evolutionary relationships (between native and novel hosts and insects). 3. We discovered that divergence times between native and novel hosts, the shade and drought tolerance of the novel host, and the presence of a coevolved congener on a shared host, were more predictive of impact than the traits of the invading insect. These factors built upon each other to strengthen our ability to predict the risk of a non‐native insect becoming invasive. This research is the first to empirically support historically assumed hypotheses about the importance of evolutionary history as a major driver of impact of non‐native herbivorous insects. 4. Our novel, integrated model predicts whether a non‐native insect not yet present in North America will have a 1/6.5 to 1/2,858 chance of causing wide‐spread mortality of a conifer species if established (R2 = 0.91) 5. Synthesis and applications. With this advancement, the risk to other conifer host species and regions can be assessed, and regulatory and pest management efforts can be more efficiently prioritized.
1.入侵生物学研究的长期目标是确定驱动非本地种高度变异的影响因素。尽管始终强调进化史作用的假说（如天敌逃逸假说和空生态位假说），但一个多世纪以来，科学家们始终无法预测非本地植食性昆虫的影响。 2.通过对北美所有58种非本地针叶树上专性昆虫进行普查，量化了25种以上因素的影响，这些因素可能会影响它们对新寄主的选择，包括昆虫特性（繁殖力、化性、原始分布等），寄主特性（耐阴性、生长速率、木材密度等）和演化关系（原寄主、新寄主与昆虫之间）。 3.研究发现，原寄主与新寄主间的分化时间、新寄主的耐阴性和耐旱性以及共享寄主上协同进化的同类昆虫的存在，比入侵昆虫特性更能大的影响。这些因素相互印证并加强了我们对非本地昆虫是否成为入侵种的风险预测。这项研究是首个以试验性为依据的假设，支持了关于进化史在非本地植食性昆虫成为入侵种中占据着主要和重要驱动因素的历史假设。 4.我们最新的综合模型可预测，若在北美的非本地昆虫定殖后，其在针叶树种广泛传播的致死率是否达到1/6.5到1/2858的概率（R2 = 0.91）。5. 通过对该方法的综合应用，就能对其他针叶树寄主的种类和区域的进行风险评估，从而更有效地进行虫害管理。
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ece3.5709
Diaporthalean fungi associated with canker and dieback of trees from Mount Dongling in Beijing, China
与北京东灵山树木枯萎和溃疡病症状相关的间座壳目真菌
Haiyan Zhu, Meng Pan, Bonthond G., Chengming Tian, Xinlei Fan – Mycokeys
Diaporthales is a fungal order comprising important plant pathogens, saprobes and endophytes on a wide range of woody hosts. It is often difficult to differentiate the pathogens in this order, since both the morphology and disease symptoms are similar among the various species. In the current study, we obtained 15 representative diaporthalean isolates from six tree hosts belonging to plant families Betulaceae, Fagaceae, Juglandaceae, Rosaceae, and Ulmaceae from Mount Dongling in China. Six species were identified residing in four families of Diaporthales. Based on morphological comparison and the phylogenetic analyses of partial ITS, LSU, cal, his3, rpb2, tef1-α and tub2 gene sequences, we identified five known species (one novel species (Dendrostoma donglinensis). These results represent the first study of diaporthalean fungi associated with canker and dieback symptoms from Mount Dongling in Beijing, China.
间座壳目真菌分布广泛，其腐生、内生和寄生于多种植物上，并引起多种植物病害。间座壳目真菌的寄主范围广、症状多变且菌体形态复杂，给病原菌的鉴定和相关病理学研究带来了困难；同时由于其种质资源的不清晰、模式种类研究的缺乏，再加上不同类群划分标准的不明确，严重制约相关分类和系统学的研究。该研究从中国东灵山的桦木科，壳斗科，胡桃科，蔷薇科和榆科的6种树木寄主中分离培养出15株有代表性的间座壳目真菌（4科6种）。基于形态学和ITS，LSU，cal，his3，rpb2，tef1-α和tub2多基因序列的系统发育分析，鉴定为5个已知种。该结果是中国北京东灵山树木溃疡病和枯萎病症状相关的间座壳目真菌的首次研究报道。
https://mycokeys.pensoft.net/article/38055/download/pdf/
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